Tag: Capstones Spring 2025

The Placebo Effect as Treatment for Depression

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 15 empirical studies between 2015 and 2025 to summarize the effectiveness of placebo treatment for depression. In addition, I utilized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 TR) to underscore the clinical aspects of depression with a greater focus on the diagnostic criteria. The number of individuals diagnosed with depression has increased significantly over the past few decades, and researchers have been tasked with finding alternative treatments for this population. Given the low-risk nature of placebo treatments, there have been increased efforts to evaluate placebo treatments in clinical settings. In this paper, I outlined the specific features of the placebo effect, delving into its history, complexities, success, ethical concerns, and its effectiveness. With the rise in placebo research, scientists have found that individuals with depression are highly influenced by the placebo effect, especially when compared to individuals who are taking antidepressants. Aside from medication, placebos have been compared to alternative approaches to treatment, such as psychotherapy and physical exercise, along with the benefits of the cooccurrence of multiple treatments. Ethical concerns regarding deception and the nocebo effect have been debated within the scientific community, with the consensus being that open-label placebos are the moral solution to treatment. While there have been successful studies on open-label placebos for depression, it is evident that a larger sample of participants is needed for this type of study. Furthermore, studies on placebo treatment approaches have found that the dual expectations of participants and researchers play a large role in the success of the placebo. Moving forward, it is important to foster safe and positive environments within research studies and clinical settings to maximize the impact of placebo treatments.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

10 – 10:30 AM

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Psychological Foundations of Crime: Understanding Motivation, Behavior, and Rehabilitation

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 17 empirical studies published between 2019 to 2024 to understand the cognitive and behavioral patterns within criminal behavior. This field of study encompasses the analysis of thoughts, behaviors, and underlying motivations that contribute to criminal attitudes. Criminal psychologists, also known as forensic psychologists, investigate these patterns to provide evidence-based explanations for deviant behavior. These contributions to the criminal justice system are essential because it offers a psychological perspective on the factors that influence criminal behavior. A particular focus on psychopathy—a personality disorder characterized by emotional, interpersonal behavior, and impulsivity—are relevant in forensic psychology. By investigating these psychological factors, criminal psychologists contribute to identifying the root causes of criminal actions and developing appropriate intervention strategies. Their work is not only implemented in legal proceedings, but it also informs rehabilitation efforts and policy-driven actions to address criminal behavior. Understanding the connection between mental disorders and criminal behavior is vital for developing comprehensive approaches when managing crime within society. Some limitations from the research conducted was that researchers discovered that self-reports limited the expansion of their studies. This also caused bias opinions and hindered the outcome. Ultimately, the findings supported the integration of psychological expertise into the justice system and improves our understanding of criminal behavior.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

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Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

10:30 – 11 AM

The Link Between Excessive Screen Time and GPA

I reviewed 40 empirical studies and meta-analyses ranging from 2011 to 2025 in this evidence-based synthesis paper. Additionally, I utilized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition Text Revision (DSM-5-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2022), the International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2021), some government statistical websites, and one student survey. I used these sources to research the connection between screen time and grade point average (GPA). Additional factors I discussed included sleep, physical activity, level of addiction, and time-management. The findings conflict as to whether screen time can directly affect GPA; however, regarding physical activity and sleep I found significant contributions to academic performance. In this paper I also discussed the definition of addiction, and I reviewed studies advocating for a broadened and more specific definition for addiction. Some limitations included the samples mainly consisting of nursing students and underdeveloped research regarding behavioral addiction. Future research could include more graduate-level students, a more diverse sample from a broader population, as well as research into behavioral addiction and their potential neurobiological bases.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

11 – 11:30 AM

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The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Trauma on Adult Relationships and Attachment Styles

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings across 24 empirical studies from 2009 to 2025 to summarize how childhood trauma affects adult attachment styles, specifically secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment. Childhood trauma creates enduring changes in emotional control and attachment styles which ultimately may influence a person’s capacity to develop and sustain healthy relationships in adulthood. In this paper, I investigated the lasting impact of early trauma, which often manifests as trust issues; fear of abandonment; and challenges in conflict resolution, commitment, and intimacy. I examined the development of symptoms like fear of closeness or dependency and explored how unresolved trauma can influence parenting, potentially leading to transfer intergenerationally. In my synthesis, I also reviewed therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and attachment-based therapies that aim at healing attachment wounds and fostering secure adult relationships. I discovered that the research emphasized that self-awareness together with emotional work and supportive relationships and resilience serve as essential tools for people to overcome early adversity. Additionally, I identified two main research limitations which include small sample diversity and self-report data reliance, and I suggested future research directions to study trauma recovery. I concluded by emphasizing the need for expanded mental health services and increased public awareness to promote healthier relationships and disrupt cycles of intergenerational trauma.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

11:30 AM – Noon

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The Impact of Sports Participation on Children’s Biopsychosocial Development

In this evidence-based synthesis review, I focused on the biopsychosocial effects of team sports on adolescence maturation. I analyzed 15 articles dating from 2015 to 2024, in which the researchers were finding positive and negative effects. In this synthesis paper, I aimed to understand how activity levels shaped their development through the different stages of adolescence. This review highlights the negative effects of early specialization, overworking, and stress, which can hinder adolescents’ maturation. This revealed research about psychological maturation, the effects of how parents can determine dedication, coaches shape mindsets, and the benefits of remaining active during adolescence. Additionally, I examined the physical effects of sports, including injury risk, improvements in overall strength and physical health, enhancements in well-being, and the effects of same age and different age play. This review illustrates how sports can serve as a preventative measure by allowing children to learn basic time-management and engagement, reducing the likelihood of delinquent behaviors. I also compared sports participation with other extracurricular activities, revealing that both have similar positive effects on adolescent maturation. Finally, I addressed certain limitations and future research such as community restrictions, parental influence, and individual factors. I concluded that sports participation offers numerous benefits, including enhanced social interactions, increased social support, improved physical ability, emotional intelligence, attention span, and decision-making skills.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

1 – 1:30 PM

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The Impact of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on Children in School

In my analysis paper, I reviewed research on one of the most common childhood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this analysis paper, I synthesized a total of 23 studies done between 2014 and 2025, with 22 of the research articles from the last five years. The studies were about children with ADHD symptoms in school, a variety of interventions, school specific effects, as well as other factors. The goal of this analysis paper was to analyze studies on the symptoms of ADHD that children experience. I also discussed common interventions used to treat ADHD as well as newer successful interventions. Medication has become the typical treatment when it comes to ADHD interventions, but there are many other successful interventions that may be better for the child. I also addressed the importance of proper and early diagnosis in children because it can significantly affect the child’s development. Parents and teachers are accountable for the child’s development and success in the classroom and in everyday life. The studies presented many strengths including the representation of multiple cultures and the room for future research. The studies took place in different cultures around the world and was not limited to the United States. There is room for future research and the studies presented the importance of continued research. One limitation that came up in the research were that most studies were measured by subjective reports, meaning someone rated the severity of ADHD symptoms before and after. This can be subjective based on the person’s judgement and opinion. Another limitation was that a few studies were conducted with a small number of participants. This is important to consider, because a few people don’t properly represent a big population of people. Lastly, another limitation was that a few studies were self-reported which can create skewed data. Overall, the research articles provided valuable data and allows for future research.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

1:30 – 2 PM

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The Deterioration of Mental Health in U.S. Prisons

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings across 18 empirical studies from 2013 to 2025 to summarize how the United States prison system has practices that foster the deterioration of mental health within inmates. Prisons have been around since the 18th century and have been changing in the ways in which standards and practices are occurring. Researchers have found many correlations between poor mental health and poor nutrition, solitary confinement, and health inequity within prisons. Furthermore, there have not only been impacts to inmate safety and mental health, but to staff and personel as well due to the same practices occurring in prisons. A limitation of the research conducted was that the majority of participants were former inmates giving insight from their past experiences, and there were not many studies where there was information on inmates who actively live in facilities. Additionally, some of the studies failed to offer clear and concise conclusions due to the varying number of prisons to be studied across the U.S. With continued research in more facilities and a wider range of participants, we will better understand the specific factors of the deterioration of mental health in U.S. prisons.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

2 – 2:30 PM

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The Silent Victims: Understanding the Psychological Impact of Deportation on Children

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings from 16 empirical studies published between 2016 and 2025, all of which aimed to study the effects of parental deportation on their U.S. citizen children. More specifically, I focused on the prevalence of prolonged feelings of insecurity and fear in this child population that may persist into an exacerbated manner or in the form of a mental disorder. As a supplementary research tool, I utilized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) to draw comparisons between the unique experiences of participants of these studies and diagnostic criteria for mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and a major depressive episode (MDE). The legality of parental deportation has been studied for decades, with the primary concern being the subsequent effects on their children’s physical and emotional well-being. More recently, the political and societal relevance of parental deportation within the U.S. and its growing complexity have driven researchers to study its effects more intensely. The difficulty in researching this topic has increased as the number of mixed-status households has risen over time. In 2022, the Pew Research Center reported that approximately 4.4 million U.S. born children under 18 lived with an unauthorized immigrant parent. Within each study, there was not enough evidence to suggest psychopathology as the result of parental deportation, which may be attributed to the lack of awareness or terminology for children to describe their experiences. However, most researchers discovered profound, negative effects of parental deportation on children. The self-report measures used in most studies served as a limitation because of their susceptibility to various forms of bias. Future research directions should aim to identify pre-existing community support systems and determine their effectiveness while simultaneously increasing the implementation of accessible mental health systems for children who have experienced parental deportation.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

2:30 – 3 PM

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Bipolar Disorder: Continued Research and Interventions

This is an evidence-based synthesis paper I developed from 15 primary research articles from 2021 to 2024 as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). Utilizing these studies, I summarized the current research and understanding of Bipolar Disorder I and II (BD I and II), and I tracked the new intervention methods used within therapy and families with high-risk youth for BD I or II. BD has been conceived as a fluctuation between mania and depression; however, based on the current research BD is found as chronic mood instability or energy dysregulation. Other aspects of research found that BD psychosis could be correlated to early childhood traumatic stress and that comorbidity greatly affects the remission progress for individuals. While there is needed future replicated research on these findings, researchers have found that BD is a spectrum of disorders. Further research on the interventions of BD has shown that the interventions that involve family-focused therapies, cognitive behavioral therapies, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapies are more effective when combined than when applied separately. Interventions that are tailored to the individuals’ needs, and that include monitoring mood cycles and testing their resilience are further ways that researchers can seek better outcomes for individuals. One of the limitations in the studies I reviewed was the lack of generalizability. The researchers were often limited by the participants in their studies; either by the WEIRD effect, by only having binary gender participants, or by lack of participants. Further research should continue in examining how the outcomes of combined interventions can reach more individuals with BD. Furthermore, there should be an emphasis on the interventions that start early in the families with high-risk youth and how there is an importance in further understanding the cycles of moods of BD.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

3 – 3:30 PM

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