Tag: E Mueller

Ruby Daniels

The Placebo Effect as Treatment for Depression

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 15 empirical studies between 2015 and 2025 to summarize the effectiveness of placebo treatment for depression. In addition, I utilized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 TR) to underscore the clinical aspects of depression with a greater focus on the diagnostic criteria. The number of individuals diagnosed with depression has increased significantly over the past few decades, and researchers have been tasked with finding alternative treatments for this population. Given the low-risk nature of placebo treatments, there have been increased efforts to evaluate placebo treatments in clinical settings. In this paper, I outlined the specific features of the placebo effect, delving into its history, complexities, success, ethical concerns, and its effectiveness. With the rise in placebo research, scientists have found that individuals with depression are highly influenced by the placebo effect, especially when compared to individuals who are taking antidepressants. Aside from medication, placebos have been compared to alternative approaches to treatment, such as psychotherapy and physical exercise, along with the benefits of the cooccurrence of multiple treatments. Ethical concerns regarding deception and the nocebo effect have been debated within the scientific community, with the consensus being that open-label placebos are the moral solution to treatment. While there have been successful studies on open-label placebos for depression, it is evident that a larger sample of participants is needed for this type of study. Furthermore, studies on placebo treatment approaches have found that the dual expectations of participants and researchers play a large role in the success of the placebo. Moving forward, it is important to foster safe and positive environments within research studies and clinical settings to maximize the impact of placebo treatments.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

10 – 10:30 AM

Return to schedule

Myka Delamarter

Psychological Foundations of Crime: Understanding Motivation, Behavior, and Rehabilitation

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 17 empirical studies published between 2019 to 2024 to understand the cognitive and behavioral patterns within criminal behavior. This field of study encompasses the analysis of thoughts, behaviors, and underlying motivations that contribute to criminal attitudes. Criminal psychologists, also known as forensic psychologists, investigate these patterns to provide evidence-based explanations for deviant behavior. These contributions to the criminal justice system are essential because it offers a psychological perspective on the factors that influence criminal behavior. A particular focus on psychopathy—a personality disorder characterized by emotional, interpersonal behavior, and impulsivity—are relevant in forensic psychology. By investigating these psychological factors, criminal psychologists contribute to identifying the root causes of criminal actions and developing appropriate intervention strategies. Their work is not only implemented in legal proceedings, but it also informs rehabilitation efforts and policy-driven actions to address criminal behavior. Understanding the connection between mental disorders and criminal behavior is vital for developing comprehensive approaches when managing crime within society. Some limitations from the research conducted was that researchers discovered that self-reports limited the expansion of their studies. This also caused bias opinions and hindered the outcome. Ultimately, the findings supported the integration of psychological expertise into the justice system and improves our understanding of criminal behavior.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

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Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

10:30 – 11 AM

Aaron Gold

The Link Between Excessive Screen Time and GPA

I reviewed 40 empirical studies and meta-analyses ranging from 2011 to 2025 in this evidence-based synthesis paper. Additionally, I utilized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition Text Revision (DSM-5-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2022), the International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD-11; World Health Organization, 2021), some government statistical websites, and one student survey. I used these sources to research the connection between screen time and grade point average (GPA). Additional factors I discussed included sleep, physical activity, level of addiction, and time-management. The findings conflict as to whether screen time can directly affect GPA; however, regarding physical activity and sleep I found significant contributions to academic performance. In this paper I also discussed the definition of addiction, and I reviewed studies advocating for a broadened and more specific definition for addiction. Some limitations included the samples mainly consisting of nursing students and underdeveloped research regarding behavioral addiction. Future research could include more graduate-level students, a more diverse sample from a broader population, as well as research into behavioral addiction and their potential neurobiological bases.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

11 – 11:30 AM

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Sara Hart

The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Trauma on Adult Relationships and Attachment Styles

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings across 24 empirical studies from 2009 to 2025 to summarize how childhood trauma affects adult attachment styles, specifically secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment. Childhood trauma creates enduring changes in emotional control and attachment styles which ultimately may influence a person’s capacity to develop and sustain healthy relationships in adulthood. In this paper, I investigated the lasting impact of early trauma, which often manifests as trust issues; fear of abandonment; and challenges in conflict resolution, commitment, and intimacy. I examined the development of symptoms like fear of closeness or dependency and explored how unresolved trauma can influence parenting, potentially leading to transfer intergenerationally. In my synthesis, I also reviewed therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and attachment-based therapies that aim at healing attachment wounds and fostering secure adult relationships. I discovered that the research emphasized that self-awareness together with emotional work and supportive relationships and resilience serve as essential tools for people to overcome early adversity. Additionally, I identified two main research limitations which include small sample diversity and self-report data reliance, and I suggested future research directions to study trauma recovery. I concluded by emphasizing the need for expanded mental health services and increased public awareness to promote healthier relationships and disrupt cycles of intergenerational trauma.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

11:30 AM – Noon

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Isabella Hernandez

The Impact of Sports Participation on Children’s Biopsychosocial Development

In this evidence-based synthesis review, I focused on the biopsychosocial effects of team sports on adolescence maturation. I analyzed 15 articles dating from 2015 to 2024, in which the researchers were finding positive and negative effects. In this synthesis paper, I aimed to understand how activity levels shaped their development through the different stages of adolescence. This review highlights the negative effects of early specialization, overworking, and stress, which can hinder adolescents’ maturation. This revealed research about psychological maturation, the effects of how parents can determine dedication, coaches shape mindsets, and the benefits of remaining active during adolescence. Additionally, I examined the physical effects of sports, including injury risk, improvements in overall strength and physical health, enhancements in well-being, and the effects of same age and different age play. This review illustrates how sports can serve as a preventative measure by allowing children to learn basic time-management and engagement, reducing the likelihood of delinquent behaviors. I also compared sports participation with other extracurricular activities, revealing that both have similar positive effects on adolescent maturation. Finally, I addressed certain limitations and future research such as community restrictions, parental influence, and individual factors. I concluded that sports participation offers numerous benefits, including enhanced social interactions, increased social support, improved physical ability, emotional intelligence, attention span, and decision-making skills.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

1 – 1:30 PM

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Breanna Hilton

The Impact of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on Children in School

In my analysis paper, I reviewed research on one of the most common childhood disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this analysis paper, I synthesized a total of 23 studies done between 2014 and 2025, with 22 of the research articles from the last five years. The studies were about children with ADHD symptoms in school, a variety of interventions, school specific effects, as well as other factors. The goal of this analysis paper was to analyze studies on the symptoms of ADHD that children experience. I also discussed common interventions used to treat ADHD as well as newer successful interventions. Medication has become the typical treatment when it comes to ADHD interventions, but there are many other successful interventions that may be better for the child. I also addressed the importance of proper and early diagnosis in children because it can significantly affect the child’s development. Parents and teachers are accountable for the child’s development and success in the classroom and in everyday life. The studies presented many strengths including the representation of multiple cultures and the room for future research. The studies took place in different cultures around the world and was not limited to the United States. There is room for future research and the studies presented the importance of continued research. One limitation that came up in the research were that most studies were measured by subjective reports, meaning someone rated the severity of ADHD symptoms before and after. This can be subjective based on the person’s judgement and opinion. Another limitation was that a few studies were conducted with a small number of participants. This is important to consider, because a few people don’t properly represent a big population of people. Lastly, another limitation was that a few studies were self-reported which can create skewed data. Overall, the research articles provided valuable data and allows for future research.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

1:30 – 2 PM

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Jazmyn Paul

The Deterioration of Mental Health in U.S. Prisons

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings across 18 empirical studies from 2013 to 2025 to summarize how the United States prison system has practices that foster the deterioration of mental health within inmates. Prisons have been around since the 18th century and have been changing in the ways in which standards and practices are occurring. Researchers have found many correlations between poor mental health and poor nutrition, solitary confinement, and health inequity within prisons. Furthermore, there have not only been impacts to inmate safety and mental health, but to staff and personel as well due to the same practices occurring in prisons. A limitation of the research conducted was that the majority of participants were former inmates giving insight from their past experiences, and there were not many studies where there was information on inmates who actively live in facilities. Additionally, some of the studies failed to offer clear and concise conclusions due to the varying number of prisons to be studied across the U.S. With continued research in more facilities and a wider range of participants, we will better understand the specific factors of the deterioration of mental health in U.S. prisons.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

2 – 2:30 PM

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Harmony Simmons

The Silent Victims: Understanding the Psychological Impact of Deportation on Children

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings from 16 empirical studies published between 2016 and 2025, all of which aimed to study the effects of parental deportation on their U.S. citizen children. More specifically, I focused on the prevalence of prolonged feelings of insecurity and fear in this child population that may persist into an exacerbated manner or in the form of a mental disorder. As a supplementary research tool, I utilized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) to draw comparisons between the unique experiences of participants of these studies and diagnostic criteria for mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and a major depressive episode (MDE). The legality of parental deportation has been studied for decades, with the primary concern being the subsequent effects on their children’s physical and emotional well-being. More recently, the political and societal relevance of parental deportation within the U.S. and its growing complexity have driven researchers to study its effects more intensely. The difficulty in researching this topic has increased as the number of mixed-status households has risen over time. In 2022, the Pew Research Center reported that approximately 4.4 million U.S. born children under 18 lived with an unauthorized immigrant parent. Within each study, there was not enough evidence to suggest psychopathology as the result of parental deportation, which may be attributed to the lack of awareness or terminology for children to describe their experiences. However, most researchers discovered profound, negative effects of parental deportation on children. The self-report measures used in most studies served as a limitation because of their susceptibility to various forms of bias. Future research directions should aim to identify pre-existing community support systems and determine their effectiveness while simultaneously increasing the implementation of accessible mental health systems for children who have experienced parental deportation.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

2:30 – 3 PM

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Ariel Van Cleave

Bipolar Disorder: Continued Research and Interventions

This is an evidence-based synthesis paper I developed from 15 primary research articles from 2021 to 2024 as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). Utilizing these studies, I summarized the current research and understanding of Bipolar Disorder I and II (BD I and II), and I tracked the new intervention methods used within therapy and families with high-risk youth for BD I or II. BD has been conceived as a fluctuation between mania and depression; however, based on the current research BD is found as chronic mood instability or energy dysregulation. Other aspects of research found that BD psychosis could be correlated to early childhood traumatic stress and that comorbidity greatly affects the remission progress for individuals. While there is needed future replicated research on these findings, researchers have found that BD is a spectrum of disorders. Further research on the interventions of BD has shown that the interventions that involve family-focused therapies, cognitive behavioral therapies, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapies are more effective when combined than when applied separately. Interventions that are tailored to the individuals’ needs, and that include monitoring mood cycles and testing their resilience are further ways that researchers can seek better outcomes for individuals. One of the limitations in the studies I reviewed was the lack of generalizability. The researchers were often limited by the participants in their studies; either by the WEIRD effect, by only having binary gender participants, or by lack of participants. Further research should continue in examining how the outcomes of combined interventions can reach more individuals with BD. Furthermore, there should be an emphasis on the interventions that start early in the families with high-risk youth and how there is an importance in further understanding the cycles of moods of BD.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Siefke 100

3 – 3:30 PM

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Matthew Wilhite

Exploring How the Complex Relationship of the Individual, Culture, and the Workplace Environment Inform Job Satisfaction

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 15 research articles regarding information about job satisfaction from 2020 to 2025. Job satisfaction is a complex measure that reports an individual’s current feelings, position, and understandings with what they receive and contribute to in their line of work. When researching job satisfaction, adopting a cross-cultural lens was crucial and resulted in 10 different countries being represented in the 15 research articles used. The 10 countries represented are Belgium, China, Ethiopia, Italy, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. Millions of people work across the globe and utilizing a cross-cultural lens deepens our understanding of how job satisfaction is determined in a particular culture. To summarize this research, I divided the components of job satisfaction into three categories: the individual, culture, and the workplace environment. These three categories join together to influence how a person determines their own job satisfaction status. The majority of this research implied that there are various factors that influence job satisfaction rates in a positive or negative manner such as work autonomy, compensation, leadership styles, work schedules, et cetera. A few of the studies emphasized how measuring job satisfaction in a longitudinal method can reveal important job satisfaction trends in the workplace. An important conclusion I made was related to how job satisfaction can be utilized to enhance organizational productivity. Enhancing organizational productivity is essential for companies to thrive which will help them succeed because of the positive influence from the employees reporting a positive job satisfaction status. However, there are limitations found in the components used to determine job satisfaction. As we live in a dynamic world where people depend on their job to help them stay afloat in society, it is important to measure their job satisfaction as we all strive to live an enjoyable life.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Siefke 100

3:30 – 4 PM

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Max Richards

Addressing the Growth and Development of Mental Health Needs of Military Personnel: The Impact of Expanding Counseling Services

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 20 empirical studies that range from 2012 to 2024 to examine the rise of counseling services inside the military for personnel and veterans. This reflects an increasing recognition of their unique mental health needs and the importance of covering the challenges they experience, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders (SUDs). Military personnel face a multitude of significant stressors in their careers that can contribute to suicide ideation as well as create issues with reintegration into civilian life. The studies also addressed the role of the Veterans Administration (VA) and other organizations in helping military personnel with these mental health issues. Researchers have found it to be difficult to make changes in treatment efficacy because of the overall stigma and stereotypes that surround the military and counseling services. I also summarized research on the alternative treatment for the challenges military personnel experiences, including wilderness therapy, group counseling sessions, and different types of medicines. Overall, this analysis highlights the cultural shift toward destigmatizing mental health services in the military, while identifying the areas that cause distress and ways to better support those who have served.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Womack 100

1 – 1:30 PM

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Abigail Wammock

Psychological Influences on Juvenile Delinquency: Insights for Prevention and Intervention Strategies

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings across 19 empirical studies from 2006 to 2023 to summarize the psychological influences that contribute to juvenile delinquency, as well as the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies for at risk-youth. Across these articles, researchers examined theoretical frameworks, the complex interplay of risk factors, and refinement of crime prevention strategies. It has been widely accepted that criminal behavior and juvenile delinquency are caused by a variety of factors, such as socioeconomic status and family dynamics. I found consensus across many of the articles with regard to an emphasis on the impact of individual traits on juvenile delinquency, specifically that personality characteristics are significant determinants of delinquent behavior. Additionally, research emphasized that possessing awareness of resilience and protective factors can enhance the development of effective intervention strategies. The utilization of early intervention is critical, as it has shown to prevent the onset of delinquent behavior and supports the development of youths’ resilience and assets.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Womack 100

1:30 – 2 PM

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Madison Bender

Pornography Consumption: Biopsychosocial Effects and Treatment Implications

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings across 18 empirical studies and five additional sources from 2011 to 2024 to summarize the currently known research on the negative biological, psychological, and social aspects of pornography consumption. Pornographic content has been traced back to 1524 and has evolved to become a culturally accepted phenomenon in many parts of the world through technological advances. Researchers have found that altered genes and reward pathways in the brain may contribute to the formation of problematic pornography usage. Physical issues, such as erectile dysfunctions, may arise from excessive pornography use. Psychologically, emotional regulation, mental health disorders, and dehumanization also may occur. Common emotions that may arise from pornography use are shame, guilt, loneliness, depression, and anxiety. Relationships and social functioning also may be affected by pornography use due to exploitation of other human beings and moral incongruence. Attachment styles between the user and their friends and family have shown to be impacted. Socially, human trafficking also is being supported through the use of pornography, with the majority of women and children shown in online pornography being victims of human trafficking. Treatments for pornography addictions are sparse and consist of different forms of psychotherapy. Because pornography use is culturally acceptable in America, pornography addiction is not seen as an addiction and is not widely addressed. Further research, replication, and attention are needed to uncover the true impact that pornography usage has.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

S100

11 – 11:30 AM

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Kaitlin Cook

Posttraumatic Growth: Protective Factors and Instilling Resilience into Future Generations

Emerging research shows potential for positive psychological adaptations post adversity. In this evidence-based research paper, I examined 21 peer reviewed articles and supplementary materials dating from 2003 to 2024 in order to connect ideas of posttraumatic and resilience growth capabilities, predictors, and outcomes. In this review, I aimed to reframe traumatic experiences from a salutogenic perspective by highlighting the opportunity for personal and social advancement following adverse experiences. Through psychological interventions, self-dedication, and success strivings, individuals may reconstruct life meaning and develop greater levels of prosocial behavior, empathy, altruism, and problem solving. Adverse experiences in many cases are unavoidable; therefore, increasing psychological strength through resilience training and growth-based parenting is a priority to instill hope into future generations. Post trauma functioning given adaptive responses has outcomes of social and cognitive flourishing. Future research should prioritize increasing the body of longitudinal data by comparing baseline levels of functioning and life meaning to growth capabilities following trauma. Research directions should seek to develop practical ways to implement resiliency within institutions and integrate it into social constructs. 

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

S100

11:30 AM – Noon

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Alsea Diffenderfer

Psychoneuroimmunology in Childhood Abuse Survivors

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I examined 19 empirical articles as well as three additional sources dating from 2008 to 2024 to review the research on psychoneuroimmunology with a focus on stress caused by childhood abuse. Psychoneuroimmunology refers to the study between the connections of the nervous system, the immune system, and psychological factors. It has been studied since the 1970s and recently has gained much traction in healthcare as research continues to affirm the importance of these connections as it relates to trauma. Child abuse is a trauma endured by thousands in the United States each year. Studies have shown that biological and psychological altercations can occur as the result of maltreatment in childhood and if not properly cared for, can result in long-term negative implications on quality of life. To offer a holistic approach to healthcare for those who have survived childhood abuse, it is imperative to continue broadening our understanding and account for each branch of psychoneuroimmunology in trauma recovery. 

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

S100

1 – 1:30 PM

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Tierra Dumlao

Social Media’s Role in Suicide

This evidence-based synthesis paper contains topics on suicide. I reviewed 18 empirical studies from 2018 to 2024 and summarized them in order to understand the impact of social media, and its role in suicide. These articles included information and data on the psychological effects that an individual may have when suicide-related content is posted on social media. In addition, some articles included recommendations for individuals who would like to post suicide-related content on social media. From the articles that I have reviewed, it is apparent that there are many ways the internet can influence someone’s mental health: negative self-comparison, social imitation, social isolation, and cyberbullying experiences that could potentially lead to suicide. When studying adolescents, researchers focused on specific mental states that show suicidal ideation and behavior. Furthermore, the evaluation of how suicide-related content is posted and interacted with has been examined. From these studies, it became evident that there are some psychological reasons why individuals who use social media may feel the need to consistently use it. Concepts such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, social learning theory, self-esteem, persona implication, the Werther effect, and the Papageno effect have been identified as reasons that an individual would commit suicide. It is important to address this outside perspective as social media has become normalized in society. Future research should focus on suicide, social media, and the overlapping factors to better understand this complex relationship. Moreover, the understanding of these connections can increase prevention efforts and save lives, decreasing the number of suicides.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

S100

1:30 – 2 PM

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Bethany LaFon

Technology in the Workplace

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I have reviewed the findings of 15 current research articles dating from 2019 to early 2024. The focus of this evidence-based synthesis review was on the relationship between growing efforts in the workplace for integration of technology and the relationship between human and machine. These articles included information about changing laws, because of increased technology use, changes regarding personal and work balance having no boundaries due to technology, and the changes of workplace dynamics due to the integration of technology. In many of the articles, there were other common themes, such individuals advocating for technology because of a loss of connection with clients, and many others refusing technology because of the negative outcomes it has had on their personal life and work lives. In my research, I found that there is considerable debate between the benefits of growing technology and the negative outcomes of technology. Relationships have changed, and people crave a connection with others. Companies are forcing the new age of co-existence with Artificial Intelligence, and we no longer have necessary boundaries to promote work-life balance. Future research should address the growing desire for more technology in the workplace. Will this potentially harm companies in the future or build necessary connections between client and professional?

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

S100

2 – 2:30 PM

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Taylor Morgan

The Relationship Between Psychological Disorders and the Criminal Justice System

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed research on the complex relationship between crime and psychological disorders (PDs). Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination toward people with psychological disorders stem, in part, from the absence of a research-informed media and criminal justice system, which can result in limited awareness, advocacy, resources, and social acceptance. I examined 15 studies from 2019 to 2023 on the lack of resources for PDs in correctional facilities and the influence of the media in maintaining stereotypes. I also included case studies and additional supplementary sources in my review. Additionally, I highlighted the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of these disorders by giving a general review of the classification of PDs and their prevalence in correctional settings. The debate over appropriate punishment and the division between the criminal justice system and psychiatric hospitals are among the issues that emerged regarding the difficulties associated with managing PDs in the system. Research indicates that we need to change the criminal justice system to better serve people with PDs by providing more financing for mental health facilities and better treatment alternatives. Future research can further societal knowledge on this topic, create potential policy changes within the criminal justice system, and advocate for comprehensive mental health reform.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

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Erin Mueller

S100

2:30 – 3 PM

Adam Sabatino

Mental Health Challenges and Support Strategies Among College Athletes

For this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed the research conducted from 15 empirical research articles dating from 2018 to 2023 covering a wide variety of information about mental health in college athletes. A common approach found in all of the evaluated articles was the use of surveys, which provided a foundation for comprehending the complex nature of mental health issues. This research of college athletes included a range of backgrounds, including differing racial, gender, and age demographics. Researchers were able to obtain complex insights into the unique perspectives and experiences of collegiate athletes by using this methodological technique. In addition, a number of the articles used a comparison approach, contrasting collegiate athletes’ experiences with their peers’ non-athletic or professional experiences in terms of mental health. These comparative studies provide insight into the particular pressures and weaknesses experienced by collegiate athletes in the larger framework of academic life and sports competitiveness. For example, some research found variances in the mental health outcomes of players and non-athletes, and these variations were linked to the unique demands and stresses of collegiate athletics.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Return to schedule

S100

3 – 3:30 PM

Eryn Wilder

Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Comorbidities and Diagnosis 

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings from 15 empirical studies ranging from 2023 to 2010, as well as the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 TR). Using these studies, I summarized the current knowledge surrounding complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) and its high comorbidity rate with other psychological disorders. CPTSD has been conceptualized as a psychological disorder for many decades targeting individuals who have experienced prolonged and repeated​ trauma(s). There was much debate as to whether this was an evidence-based diagnosis until 2019 when the ICD-11 elected to​ include an adult version of​ CPTSD based on the validation of its ​research. Most researchers have found this a challenging disorder to both study and diagnose due to its symptom complexity, non-linearity origin, and extensive psychiatric​ comorbidity. Researchers have found that CPTSD is most common in clinical samples as it is a debilitating disorder going beyond the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It has been recognized that there is a crucial need to review the effects of CPTSD and comorbidity with other psychological disorders, improving clinical assessment methods for this newly recognized disorder. Furthermore, researchers in the mental health field recognize the importance of adopting trauma-informed approaches, highlighting the need for accurate assessment methods, and treatment, emphasizing the significance ​of not overlooking the potential impacts of traumatization​ beyond the symptoms of PTSD.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

S100

3:30 – 4 PM

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Taylor Copenhaver

The Association Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Cognitive Impairment in Adulthood

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed 23 journal articles, both empirical studies and literature reviews, dating from 2013 to 2023 examining the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cognitive impairment in adulthood. Many researchers found significant results suggesting that the decline in the cognitive function of memory is associated with PTSD. Additionally, researchers concluded that neurocognitive disorder is strongly associated with PTSD, but the specific neurocognitive disorder of Alzheimer’s disease is not directly correlated with PTSD. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the comorbid relationship of PTSD and depressive symptoms is the strongest correlation with cognitive impairment. When it is not comorbid, PTSD is more closely associated with cognitive impairment than other mental disorders. A few limitations within the research are that many of the studies included symptoms of mental disorders and not clinical diagnoses, the sample sizes of some studies were not large enough to make a generalization of the researched population, and there is not enough evidence to suggest a causal relationship between PTSD and cognitive impairment.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Womack 100

10 – 10:30 AM

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Ethan Ferry

The Therapeutic Benefits of Well-Integrated Religion and Spirituality

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed the findings of 18 peer-reviewed, empirical studies dating from 2001 to 2022. The goal of this review was to determine effective methods of integrating religion and spirituality into counseling. In addition, I focused on some of the mental and physical benefits of religion and spirituality in the face of struggles, such as trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, and chronic illness. In the last 20 years, the constructs of religion and spirituality and their relation to mental health have increasingly become the subject of research. Most studies have shown that including religion and spirituality in counseling is helpful for patients who value religion and spirituality. There are various assessments that counselors can include during intake and treatment which help gauge the client’s religion and spirituality as well as help the counselor to protect against bias. There is evidence suggesting that the integration of these into counseling increases positive affect, strengthens the client-counselor relationship, and increases positive treatment outcomes. Religion and spirituality as coping strategies lose effectiveness in adolescents as they age. Additionally, religion and spirituality have also been found to be detrimental to clients who do not have strong theodicies and clients with low levels of engagement in faith. Negative religious coping strategies were also found to be associated with more negative outcomes in comparison to individuals who use positive or other non-religious coping strategies.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Womack 100

10:30 – 11 AM

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Daniel Furman

Effects of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Head Injuries on Athletes

In this synthesis-based evidence paper, I reviewed findings from 17 different empirical articles from 2015 to 2023 to provide an overview of findings on the lasting effects of head injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) on athletes. The term CTE was derived in 1940 from Bowman and Blau. They define CTE as a neurodegenerative condition that is thought to be partially brought on by repeated head trauma. The results from the peer-reviewed articles revealed the severity and far-reaching effects frequent head traumas can have. These traumatic brain injuries (TBI) affect the patient’s psychological and physiological states of mind. Findings between the articles showed similar lasting consequences of CTE across different athletes. Results revealed that high-contact sports, and in rare cases, low-contact sports, can result in lasting head trauma and potential neurocognitive impairments. Most researchers agreed that playing in a high-contact sport like football for long enough will eventually cause some sort of traumatic brain injury, or potentially CTE. Some limitations to the research on CTE and head injuries were that the results could not be generalized around the globe, studies on CTE are done postmortem, and there are no findings on the immediate effects of CTE. The development of techniques for diagnosing CTE during life, as well as additional research into the validity, precision, and practicality of the recently released diagnostic criteria for CTE, are imperative to address these, and other significant concerns for head trauma.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Womack 100

11 – 11:30 AM

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Cole Vamos

Social Anxiety, Depression, and Peer Pressure Amongst College Life

In this evidence-based synthesis paper, I reviewed findings and discoveries across 15 empirical studies ranging from 2001 to 2023 to summarize current knowledge and new information about social anxiety, peer pressure, and depressive disorders within college students. I included different demographics and geographics, ethnicity, age, and gender. The main methods of research conducted through these studies were questionnaires to access and categorize the different levels of anxiety or depression, depending on the study. These methods allowed discoveries with emerging adults entering college life, and those who already attend college, therefore showing where these symptoms form or have originally formed prior to college life. Overall, there was an increase in prevalence of cases of college students dealing with different forms of social anxiety, as well as depressive symptoms. Symptoms varied depending on cases, the majority related to negative habits like drinking or drug addiction which led to negative self-esteem, even deliberate self-harm. Furthermore, future studies will only extend further knowledge or develop more evidence based facts about depressive symptoms and social anxiety amongst college life.

PSY 499, Senior Capstone

Erin Mueller

Womack 100

11:30 AM – Noon

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